September 16, 2013

Media Ethics

Dr. Anand Pradhan in his lecture ‘Media Ethics’ enlightened students with the ideas as to how ethical dilemmas can be dealt with and resolved. He also presented before them some ethical standards of journalism. He told the students that the sole aim of journalism is to provide information to the citizen. Mr. Pradhan said,‘Ethics is concerned with basic questioning of what is right’. He emphasized the importance of ethics as a prime concern for the professional satisfaction.

In his lecture, he explained ten journalistic ethics and standards: truth and accuracy, objectivity, balance, impartiality, serving public interest, personal integrity, respect for individual privacy, independence from vested interest, respect for law and universal human values and moral decency and good taste.

He also discussed objectivity. ‘In order to ensure objectivity, one should not take bribe and must avoid conflict of interest’, he quoted. During his lecture, he also talked about dealing with sources, for journalist should always maintain the confidentiality of anonymous sources and never be dependent on a single source and thus always cross check and verify the sources. While talking on plagiarism, he termed it as ‘illegal’ and ‘unethical’ to the profession of journalism. Adding more to the issue of plagiarism in his concluding lines, he cited the example of Fareed Zakaria, an Indo-American journalist, who was castigated over being accused of plagiarism.


Media Laws

Mr. Satya Prakash in his lecture on 11 September discussed cases of the Contempt of Court. He began by giving the example of the ‘Wah India’ case where Madhu Trehan, Contributing writer in Indian Express had published a survey on Delhi High Court judges.

The results of the survey apparently casted aspersions on the image of the judges and lowered their integrity. The High Court then issued a case of contempt of court against Indian Express for publishing malicious content without any evidence. This led Shekhar Gupta, Editor-in-Chief Indian Express and Madhu Trehan to render an unconditional apology to the Court.

Highlighting another case of Contempt of court in Gujarat, Mr Prakash gave the example of a sting operation by Zee News. In this case Zee News paid bribes to senior advocate Harish Salve to issue warrants against the then Chief Justice V.N.Khare.


Mr. Prakash further highlighted that the Section 2(c) of the Contempt of Court Act 1971 states that publication of any matter, whether in the form of spoken or written words or signs or visible representation or any form that scandalises or tends to scandalise or lowers or tends to lower the authority of any Court leads to Contempt of Court.

Communication Theory

Ms. Gita began the lecture by questioning the bases of human existence with a perplexing question- “I think therefore I am or I am therefore I think?.”
Citing the example of Marshall Mc Luhan she said that the term ‘global village’ given by him was used because it is in a village that people are connected to each other’s lives via communication. She said that unlike a city, in a village the people know about the happenings of each other’s lives because they are constantly in touch with one another.
Highlighting various aspects of communication she said that in any communication process the skills, knowledge, experience, class, socio-economic position and cultural identity influence the reception and interpretation of a message.
Stressing the importance of effective communication she cited the example of Amitabh Bacchan’s pulse polio campaign that had incurred an expenditure of 300$ billion. This ad campaign clearly highlighted that a message is received well by the audience if communicated effectively.

She said that there are various ways of interpreting a message. The power of omission means a source eliminates whatever one does not intentionally want to hear and the power of supplementation where one adds to a particular message whatever he/she wished to.

Financial Journalism

Foreign Direct Investment: Good Experience

Automotive Sector

The advent of Foreign Direct Investment in automotive sector has brought in wider range of choices as per the purchasing power of varied consumers otherwise earlier not many automobile models were available to consumers. Also, the competition among various market players has resulted into more advanced, fuel efficient and comfortable automobiles that too with fair prices. Apart from this, the set-up of one automobile unit leads to formation of 150-200 auto ancillary industries. Thus, looking at entire gamut of Automobile Industry, FDI did help it flourish in better manner and also generated number of collateral benefits.

Foreign Direct Investment: Bad Experience

Pharmaceutical Industry

FDI experience in Pharma sector has not been favourable as the priorities of foreign pharma companies stand at variance with the needs of the country. They take over domestic companies with the intent to get control over manufacturing and price-regime of medicines. Japan’s Daiichi Sankyo taking over India’s Ranbaxy Laboratories in 2008 was the first high-profile acquisition of any Indian pharma company by multinational. India has seen plenty of acquisitions since then.
 The monopoly of foreign pharma giants in the country has resulted into essential drugs getting costlier. FDI in pharma sector actually led to healthcare cost going up instead of mitigating it.

Telecom Sector

Though one can’t deny the role foreign telcos played in India’s telecom revolution but the kind of security threats they have generated are also worth noting. If the hardware and chips manufactured abroad go into the electronic equipments, it does raise security concerns. It is being anticipated that China’s major hardware manufacturer Huawei ferrates across crucial information to Chinese Government. Now that Govt. has approved 100% FDI in telecom, it is significant that component industry and electronic chip plants are set-up in India. It has to be ensured that major portions of equipments are made up of locally manufactured components. 

There are five kinds of companies having stakes in Indian economy:

1) Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)
2) Private Companies
3) Cooperatives
4) Foreign Companies

5) Indian companies having manufacturing base outside

History of Press

There were basically three kinds of newspapers during freedom struggle:

1) Critique of British
2) Social reforms
3) Combating communalism.

For Gandhi journalism was not an end in itself but a means to an end. (Social service)

Post independence scenario - There was a break from pre-independence.

 Ø  Robin Jeffrey said he studied Indian Capitalism through Indian Press and he described how Indian Press becomes capitalist enterprise.
 Ø  Nehruvian states claimed certain trend of socialist state and though there was mixed economy, all the big industries were in public sectors.
 Ø  Audit Bureau Circulation (ABC) was formed in 1948 in Bombay. Newspapers, advertising body, News Agencies came together and they find out exact number of the copies sold of each newspaper. There is a Chartered Accountant within each newspaper who does auditing.
 Ø  ABC also tells us which product is sold in which region .For example number of Malayalam newspapers sold in Mumbai will tell the number of malayalis staying there.
 Ø  RNI (Registrar for Newspapers in India.) was formed in 1953 and newsprints are allocated via RNI. The number of circulation decides the number of newsprints.
 Ø  DAVP allocates advertisements of central government via RNI.
 Ø  Jeffrey says in early years of independence, there was some kind of state control over freedom of Press.
 Ø  First National Readership Survey took place in 1970 and the second survey took place in 1978.
 Ø  There was a jump of 47% in readership in period between 1970-78.The most important reason of rise in readership was the emergency of1975-77.There were three important reasons for rise in readership:
1) The people wanted to know what happened during and after emergency and thus readership rose.
2) Green Revolution
3) Increasing Indian diaspora abroad which brought money to India and moreover people wanted to follow and know the trend going on abroad.
 Ø  Huge jump in newspapers and a large quantum of this are in smaller towns. This signified that regional newspapers were rising and people in smaller towns had more purchasing power .Moreover there is a language pride. For example Bengal Government wants to have Bengali Newspaper.

 Ø  From 1982 onwards, middle class started purchasing  TV in large numbers ,so TV started competing with newspapers for advertisements. There were anticipations that newspapers survival would be very difficult now. Pre 1980s there was national media only but after 1980s it became localised also. For example Eenadu in Tamil Nadu started its publication in vishakhapatnam instead of Hyderabad to beat Anandprabha.They circulated their copies for free for the first seven days and within four years it became the best selling newspaper.

REPORTING

Topic of the Lecture: Reporting set-up in a newspaper and a magazine

  I)  REPORTING SET-UP IN A NEWSPAPER
Editor-in-chief/Chief Editor/Editor
                       
Managing Editor/ Executive Editor
                       
Metro Editor                          Chief of Bureau - Senior Associate Editor- Associate Editor-Senior Assistant       
                                                                Editors- Assistant Editors-Special Correspondents
                                     Deputy Chief of Bureau
                                     
Principal Correspondents       Special Correspondents              
                           
Senior Correspondents/
Senior Reporters               
                                    
Correspondents        /
Reporters     
Note: Metro Editor is the Editor for a metropolitan city’s edition and the hierarchy starting from the “Metro Editor” is hence for a newspaper set-up in a metropolitan city.


II) REPORTING SET-UP IN A MAGAZINE

Editor-in-Chief
                  
          Managing/Executive Editor
                  
Senior Associate Editor
         
Associate Editor
         
Senior Assistant Editor
         
Assistant Editor
         
Special Correspondents
         
Senior Correspondents
         
Correspondents


While the set-ups given above are for understanding the organizational structure, it must be noted that in practicality, newspapers as well as magazines are very fluid and may follow a hierarchical set-up that may not establish the real levels of seniority.

EDITING

Topic of the Lecture: News Analysis

What is a News Analysis?

News Analysis is an extensive coverage on a particular issue or subject that:
  •  Simplifies a complex issue for a reader
  • Explains the pros and cons
  • Discusses its implications
  • Makes predictions regarding further developments
  • How do we structure a news analysis?

1.    Choose a news event on the basis of:
·         Currency
·         Relevance
·         Availability of new aspects to cover
·         The quality of being “evergreen” ( It has to emerge out as a reference which can referred to in the future)
2.    Prepare a layout
3.    Analyze
4.    Give predictions
5.    Summarise

Key elements of a News Analysis:

  • ·         Relevant
  • ·         Evergreen
  • ·         Unbiased
  • ·         Truth
  • ·         Exclusive
  • ·         Value ( I got something as a reader by reading a particular News Analysis)





Media Ethics

Dr. Anand Pradhan in his lecture ‘Media Ethics’ enlightened students with the ideas as to how ethical dilemmas can be dealt with and resolved. He also presented before them some ethical standards of journalism. He told the students that the sole aim of journalism is to provide information to the citizen. Mr. Pradhan said,‘Ethics is concerned with basic questioning of what is right’. He emphasized the importance of ethics as a prime concern for the professional satisfaction.

In his lecture, he explained ten journalistic ethics and standards: truth and accuracy, objectivity, balance, impartiality, serving public interest, personal integrity, respect for individual privacy, independence from vested interest, respect for law and universal human values and moral decency and good taste.

He also discussed objectivity. ‘In order to ensure objectivity, one should not take bribe and must avoid conflict of interest’, he quoted. During his lecture, he also talked about dealing with sources, for journalist should always maintain the confidentiality of anonymous sources and never be dependent on a single source and thus always cross check and verify the sources. While talking on plagiarism, he termed it as ‘illegal’ and ‘unethical’ to the profession of journalism. Adding more to the issue of plagiarism in his concluding lines, he cited the example of Fareed Zakaria, an Indo-American journalist, who was castigated over being accused of plagiarism.






Media Ethics

Dr. Anand Pradhan in his lecture ‘Media Ethics’ enlightened students with the ideas as to how ethical dilemmas can be dealt with and resolved. He also presented before them some ethical standards of journalism. He told the students that the sole aim of journalism is to provide information to the citizen. Mr. Pradhan said,‘Ethics is concerned with basic questioning of what is right’. He emphasized the importance of ethics as a prime concern for the professional satisfaction.

In his lecture, he explained ten journalistic ethics and standards: truth and accuracy, objectivity, balance, impartiality, serving public interest, personal integrity, respect for individual privacy, independence from vested interest, respect for law and universal human values and moral decency and good taste.

He also discussed objectivity. ‘In order to ensure objectivity, one should not take bribe and must avoid conflict of interest’, he quoted. During his lecture, he also talked about dealing with sources, for journalist should always maintain the confidentiality of anonymous sources and never be dependent on a single source and thus always cross check and verify the sources. While talking on plagiarism, he termed it as ‘illegal’ and ‘unethical’ to the profession of journalism. Adding more to the issue of plagiarism in his concluding lines, he cited the example of Fareed Zakaria, an Indo-American journalist, who was castigated over being accused of plagiarism.





Media Laws

Mr. Satya Prakash in his lecture on 11 September discussed cases of the Contempt of Court. He began by giving the example of the ‘Wah India’ case where Madhu Trehan, Contributing writer in Indian Express had published a survey on Delhi High Court judges.
The results of the survey apparently casted aspersions on the image of the judges and lowered their integrity. The High Court then issued a case of contempt of court against Indian Express for publishing malicious content without any evidence. This led Shekhar Gupta, Editor-in-Chief Indian Express and Madhu Trehan to render an unconditional apology to the Court.

Highlighting another case of Contempt of court in Gujarat, Mr Prakash gave the example of a sting operation by Zee News. In this case Zee News paid bribes to senior advocate Harish Salve to issue warrants against the then Chief Justice V.N.Khare.

Mr. Prakash further highlighted that the Section 2(c) of the Contempt of Court Act 1971 states that publication of any matter, whether in the form of spoken or written words or signs or visible representation or any form that scandalises or tends to scandalise or lowers or tends to lower the authority of any Court leads to Contempt of Court.

September 15, 2013

Visual Journalism

Visual content: A visual content is made of line, shape, color, value and texture. Put together skillfully an effective communication structure is created.

Basic Components of Visual Content:

1) Point/dot: A dimensionless entity which can be used to determine and define a location in space is point. In nature, it is the most common formation. A dot anywhere within a framed space demands immediate attention. If off to one side in a frame, the dot creates tension as the picture on layout appears out of balance.

2) Line: A chain of dots becomes line. It is a point in motion. It has both a position and a direction. In space, it has only one dimension. A line has psychological impact according to its direction, weight and the variations in its direction and weight. Line can communicate emotion through its character and direction. For instance:
a) A curved line feels natural and organic. It conveys a mood of playfulness, suppleness and movement.
b) A straight line feels man-made and mechanical.
c) Thick and dark line indicates strong and confident message.
d) Thin and light lines communicate delicate and timid mood.
e) Diagonal lines imply movement, dynamism and direction.
f) Lines can be combined with other lines to create textures and patterns.

The variables that define the qualities of lines are:

Size, weight, shape, position, movement and direction, number, pattern, color, shading

Shapes: Points create lines; lines create shapes, planes and volume. Shapes refer to the external outline of a form or anything that has height and width.
a) The circular forms can be read as calm, pacific, assured, relaxed and optimistic.
b) The square can be read as dull, straight, forward, honest, lacking imagination, and stable, less natural than the circle.
c) The triangle is interpreted as action, conflict, tension and aspiration.
d) The pointed, sharp and jagged edge suggests anguish, danger, antagonism.
e) Different shapes tell us different stories. Geometric shapes such as circles squares and rectangles are crisp, precise, and mathematical with straight edges and consistent curves.

Picture Techniques:

1) Look for pattern
2) Fill the frame
3) Use light

4) Look for contrast